The Usage Of Too Many Metaphors And Metonymy Can Make Your Paper Less
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The Usage Of Too Many Metaphors And Metonymy Can Make Your Paper Less
We often use metaphors in your written and spoken languages to exhibit one thing within terms of another. It is sometimes very beneficial to use a different pair of words and phrases to compare something with another. Your language could become more colorful if along with different bodies of speech around the background of simple words and sentences. Another figure of speech which can be widely used in your language is metonymy. However, metonymies are employed to emphasize contiguity between two referents, while metaphors are generally used to exhibit similarity between two.
The use of metaphor, either verbally, or even in written discourse, to describe scenes & explain events in the world around us is extremely common, its use enables us to be aware of & experience one sort of thing within the conditions & terms of another, whereas metonymy is the usage of one entity to refer to another that's related to it, & includes ‘synecdoche’ in which the part means the whole, Lakoff & Johnson, (1980:36).
According to Lakoff & Johnson, (1980: ix) metaphor is ever-present, in language, along with thought & action. They, together with Pinker, (1997: 352 et seq) perceive human thought processes to get metaphorical anyway; Pinker also points too some metaphorical concepts have grown to get so common, across the full range of speech acts & other events that we experience, that they are no longer recognizable towards the layman as metaphorical expressions, so entrenched in the everyday language use were they become. According to this insight into metaphor, it may be seen as one of the principal methods through which language evolves, Jaynes, (1990), moreover, repetition of your metaphor can bring it into ordinary language, eventually warranting a dictionary entry.
As metaphor is really deeply rooted in the everyday language use, it will be surprising if written discourse was without any metaphorical expression. In fact, on reading through various types of texts, not many, if any, can be said to become totally free from metaphor &/or metonymy, even those texts compiled by ‘realists’ who abhorred metaphor, such as Hobbes & Locke, were plagued by it, Chandler, (2001). Although many examples of metaphor usually are not immediately obvious consequently, that is generally simply because they have become so familiar, so prevalent, within vocabulary use they have ceased to get seen as metaphor; the connotations of those metaphorical expressions are evident because of their familiarity.
We often make use of metaphor whenever we encounter something unknown, or perceive something that is certainly difficult to know or communicate, based on Jaynes, (1990) we integrate these experiences to ‘schemas’ which might be already available to us, which we adjust to cope with these new experiences. To quote Jaynes, (1990: 52) “Understanding anything is to go to a metaphor for that thing by substituting something more familiar to us. " From this, maybe it's said that if a person were to attempt communication of something new or complex, without the utilization of metaphor, than the lack of familiar reference could inhibit comprehension, that, the truth is, metaphor can raise the efficiency & intelligibility of an text.
In agreement with Lakoff & Johnson, and others, it seems apparant that the utilization of metaphor is indeed deeply rooted in the system of communication that it could be difficult to explain anything, either verbally, or through written discourse, without the using metaphor, actually, it can be said that the utilization of metaphor enhances the understanding of an text, adds towards the significance of what is being communicated, by discussing easily understood previously
known concepts, specially when attempting to convey new information. The additional descriptive information that is certainly established with the usage of metaphor will add emotive connotations aid evaluation of the concept. Also, a less familiar metaphor might be understood due for the contextual information available & the receiver's capacity to extrapolate out of this.
Conversely, idea of various metaphorical expressions may depend for the culture one is accustomed to; you'll be able that certain cases of metaphor, especially novel but even conventional, that are perfectly clear in meaning inside the language (culture) they result from, might or might not translate clearly into another language or culture. A good demonstration of this comes from a recent crime/comedy novel by Brookmyre, (2002) to quote, “the leader, ‘Jarry', commenced the robbery using the words ‘Alakazammy, stairheid rammy’. " Brookmyre often writes employing a combination of English words & Scottish colloquial terms. Stairheid actually means top landing or top floor (of an tenement) & is often a metaphor for face, face being the ‘top landing', whereas rammy is really a violent disturbance or free for those, (Scots-online). In the text, ‘stairheid rammy’ describes a in person conflict, this can be not an immediately familiar metaphor (to a English person) without reference with a Scots/English translator, but because the speaker (a Scotsman) inside text notes, “The stairheid rammy part is familiar to anybody who's ever witnessed a spat up close. ", therefore, although stairheid rammy like a metaphor, is just not clear (with an English person), to some Scotsman it can be obviously an obvious & effective metaphor for a spat or disagreement.
Metaphors will also be often found to underline major theories of science & philosophy, & studies of scientific terminology by MacCormac, (1971) have says the using terms such as force & mass work as metaphors, e. g. “But on the lower particle energies ['] W+, W- & Z0 would acquire large masses, making the forces they carry use a short range. " , Hawking, (1996:93) Out of context, this will make absolutely no sense at all, but from the context from the book these terms have perfectly clear meanings & are efficient in describing the concepts of weak nuclear force & radioactivity.
According to Lakoff &Johnson, (1980:4) the text of argument inside the concept ‘argument is war’ is literal, not fanciful, poetic or fanciful. A good illustration with the concept ‘argument is war’ are available in journalistic touch upon political discussion.
Legislation under threat as upper house takes around the government ['] made to pay attention ['] sustaining their opposition ['] How far is the unelected upper house take its struggle with elected MPs? ['] an informed operator who may have formed a formidable alliance while using Lib Dem leader ['] stayed up in the early hours negotiating. ['] But the battle would be a symbol of escalating tensions ['] that threatens ['] This week's stand-off ['] Emboldened, they've stood their ground.
The Guardian, (22/11/03: 13)
All this in one article describing a quarrel between the members of the House of Lords & elected MPs. The using metaphorical expression emphasizes the amount of discord between your two groups, & without the using these metaphors it would be less easy to focus on the concentration of this conflict. Another illustration of this common conceptual metaphor are located in a scientific text book about quantum physics & can be a perfect instance of Lakoff & Johnson's definition with the concept ‘argument is war’.
Each attack about the Copenhagen interpretation has strengthened its position. When thinkers from the calibre of Einstein look for flaws using a theory, though the defenders from the theory can refute all with the attackers’ arguments, the idea must emerge the stronger for the trial.
Gribbin, (1984:177)
An interesting metaphor from a magazine article about Hungary likens the country with a garment, & although this is an instance of novel metaphor the connotation is see-through & Kincses’ utilization of these additional components enriches the meaning in the text.
Next year, Hungary is placed to join the EU, finally aligning itself more with the west as opposed to east. This has long been Hungary's dilemma, says Kincses, who likens the nation to “Europe's coat, where nearly everywhere, east and west, are buttoned together, the location where the garment is most at risk of wear and tear".
The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03)
Another metaphorical concept, as explained Lakoff & Johnson, (1980:7) is that of ‘time is money', this is one of those earlier mentioned metaphors which might be so common it has almost ceased being seen like a metaphor, e. g. spending some time, save your time, wasting time, “I happen to be wasting a great deal of time investigating these websites. ", The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03:7) “It's a little more about how I wish to spend time. ", (ibid:25)
The following illustration of general usage of metaphorical expression is roofed purely because of its funniness & needs no explanation.
I had two giggly younger ladies asking me whenever they could touch my head, that they did, resoundingly, saying they'd “never done a slaphead before".
The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03)
Orientational metaphors provide a concept spatial orientation, like happy expires, sad is down, Lakoff &Johnson, (1980) “And she chooses without too much concern for that ‘upward trajectory’ of her career. ", The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03:25)
Metonymy is frequently more obvious than metaphoric concepts since it usually concerns direct physical or causal associations, it's similar to metaphor, although focused, being referential & facilitating understanding.
Examples of metonymy seem less common in written discourse, although those who there are seem to become quite effective & understandable inside the context they are presented in. “Scores of Labour MPs still plan top-up revolt. ", Evening Standard, (05/01/04) Here ‘top-up’ describes university top-up fees for college students proposed by the federal government & will be obvious to anyone who reads newspapers or watches the telly news. “There'll often be a place for plastic. ", Evening Standard, (19/12/03) Here ‘plastic’ is referring to credit cards, a standard & easily understood using metonymy. “The midfielder was felled in a very crunching tackle from his former team-mate Mauricio Taricco, who somehow escaped a second yellow. " The Guardian, (27/12/03) The metonymic using ‘yellow’ here describes a yellow card, used being a first warning, & in this instance, yellow carries a 2nd (metaphoric) definition; being awarded two yellow cards in the game of football is equal to some red card, from where follows expulsion from your game, therefore ‘second yellow’ is really a metaphor for any red card. What this instance of metonymy (& metaphor) describes here might not be clear to everyone, but would be immediately apparent to you aren't even a rudimentary knowledge of the rules of football.
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